Since the 1960s, scientists, engineers, and healthcare professionals have developed brain–computer interface (BCI) technologies, connecting the user’s brain activity to communication or motor devices. This new technology has also captured the imagination of publics, industry, and ethicists. Academic ethics has highlighted the ethical challenges of BCIs, although these conclusions often rely on speculative or conceptual methods rather than empirical evidence or public engagement. From a social science or empirical ethics perspective, this tendency could be considered problematic and even technocratic because (...) of its disconnect from publics. In response, our trinational survey (Germany, Canada, and Spain) reports public attitudes toward BCIs (N = 1,403) on ethical issues that were carefully derived from academic ethics literature. The results show moderately high levels of concern toward agent-related issues (e.g., changing the user’s self) and consequence-related issues (e.g., new forms of hacking). Both facets of concern were higher among respondents who reported as female or as religious, while education, age, own and peer disability, and country of residence were associated with either agent-related or consequence-related concerns. These findings provide a first look at BCI attitudes across three national contexts, suggesting that the language and content of academic BCI ethics may resonate with some publics and their values. (shrink)

El 40 aniversario de la guerra de Malvinas constituye un contexto propicio para revisitar las producciones artísticas y culturales que narran la guerra, así como también el abordaje que desde las ciencias sociales se ha hecho de la misma. En los últimos años, concomitantes con políticas públicas tendientes a recuperar la memoria de la guerra de Malvinas, ha habido una proliferación de objetos culturales y artísticos que narran el conflicto bélico. Este artículo analiza las representaciones de la guerra de Malvinas (...) presentes en la obra de teatro Campo Minado (2016) y en la película Teatro de Guerra (2018) de la artista argentina Lola Arias. Ambas obras reúnen a seis ex combatientes de la Guerra de Malvinas, tanto argentinos como británicos, que tres décadas después del conflicto bélico ponen en escena sus memorias. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar el gesto estético-político presente en dichas obras. (shrink)

Overview The evolution of multicellularity raises questions regarding genomic and developmental commonalities and discordances, selective advantages and disadvantages, physical determinants of development, and the origins of morphological novelties. It also represents a change in the definition of individuality, because a new organism emerges from interactions among single cells. This volume considers these and other questions, with contributions that explore the origins and consequences of the evolution of multicellularity, addressing a range of topics, organisms, and experimental protocols. Each section focuses on (...) selected topics or particular lineages that present a significant insight or challenge. The contributors consider the fossil record of the paleontological circumstances in which animal multicellularity evolved; cooptation, recurrent patterns, modularity, and plausible pathways for multicellular evolution in plants; theoretical approaches to the amoebozoa and fungi (cellular slime molds having long provided a robust model system for exploring the evolution of multicellularity), plants, and animals; genomic toolkits of metazoan multicellularity; and philosophical aspects of the meaning of individuality in light of multicellular evolution. Contributors Maja Adamska, Argyris Arnellos, Juan A. Arias, Eugenio Azpeitia, Mariana Benítez, Adriano Bonforti, John Tyler Bonner, Peter L. Conlin, A. Keith Dunker, Salva Duran-Nebreda, Ana E. Escalante, Valeria Hernández-Hernández, Kunihiko Kaneko, Andrew H. Knoll, Stephan G. König, Daniel J. G. Lahr, Ottoline Leyser, Alan C. Love, Raul Montañez, Emilio Mora van Cauwelaert, Alvaro Moreno, Vidyanand Nanjundiah, Aurora M. Nedelcu, Stuart A. Newman, Karl J. Niklas, William C. Ratcliff, Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo, Ricard Solé . (shrink)

The main goal of this article is to explain the transdisciplinary training model developed at the National University of Education in Ecuador, based on the ancestral worldviews of Buen Vivir. Good Living is a philosophical and political concept of the Kichwa indigenous peoples in the Andean Region, where human beings are interconnected with planet Earth and the whole cosmos. In 2008, Ecuador became the first country in the world to recognize the Rights of Nature in its Constitution, in order to (...) face climate change and to restore the ecological footprint. This article first unifies scientific knowledge with ancestral wisdom, creating an inter-epistemological dialogue using a transdisciplinary approach. Second, the article explores the epistemological notions of transdisciplinary education: self-training, hetero-training, eco-training, and onto-training. Third, the article argues that as a result, Educational Sciences of Good Living emerged to design regenerative cultures that face socio-ecological challenges of the Anthropocene age. In sum, the article argues that training transdisciplinary educators implies an intercultural, decolonial, and biocentric approach that promotes their inner spiritual self-awareness, among other perceptive, affective, emotional, rhetorical, poetic, epistemic, creative, artistic, cognitive, and philosophical dimensions. (shrink)

We introduce an Automatic Theorem Prover (ATP) of a dual tableau system for a relational logic for order of magnitude qualitative reasoning, which allows us to deal with relations such as negligibility, non-closeness and distance. Dual tableau systems are validity checkers that can serve as a tool for verification of a variety of tasks in order of magnitude reasoning, such as the use of qualitative sum of some classes of numbers. In the design of our ATP, we have introduced some (...) heuristics, such as the so called phantom variables, which improve the efficiency of the selection of variables used un the proof. (shrink)

The article intends to show: a) that the modist Martin of Dacia sides with the traditional reading of the first chapter of Aristotle’s De interpretatione that we find in masters of arts from the first half of the thirteenth century; and b) that the modist Boethius of Dacia is one of the first thirteenth-century scholars to depart from this reading. In fact, Boethius presents us with an account of propositional verification where the terms’ signification is not operational and where the (...) immediate truth-maker of statements like ‘homo est animal’ is an external state of affairs. In Martin’s case, to the contrary, the terms’ signification is operational in his account of propositional verification and the immediate truth-bearer of such statements is a mental composition or division. (shrink)

La evaluación es un aspecto que predomina en la educación, pero que necesita ser repensada. Este artículo reflexiona sobre la noción de evaluación en la sociedad actual y propone una alternativa a lo que ella podría y debería ser. Como resultado de un estudio crítico del papel de la evaluación en la educación actual, decidimos llevar a cabo un análisis hermenéutico de la influencia del concepto original de evaluación en la posibilidad de alejarse de la tributación del sujeto y su (...) actual pornificación. A través de una discusión sobre el papel de la evaluación en la sociedad contemporánea y su verdadera naturaleza, los autores proponen un cambio de mirada sobre la evaluación como un mero complemento al plan de estudios a otra que considere cómo una filosofía de la evaluación podría transformar profundamente la educación y la sociedad. (shrink)

Surveys in different countries (e.g. the UK, Belgium and The Netherlands) show a marked recent increase in the incidence of continuous deep sedation at the end of life (CDS). Several hypotheses can be formulated to explain the increasing performance of this practice. In this paper we focus on what we call the ‘natural death’ hypothesis, i.e. the hypothesis that acceptance of CDS has spread rapidly because death after CDS can be perceived as a ‘natural’ death by medical practitioners, patients' relatives (...) and patients.We attempt to show that the label ‘natural’ cannot be unproblematically applied to the nature of this end-of-life practice. We argue that the labeling of death following CDS as ‘natural’ death is related to a complex set of mechanisms which facilitate the use of this practice. However, our criticism does not preclude the view that CDS may be clinically and ethically justified in many cases. (shrink)

As systems based on opaque Artificial Intelligence (AI) continue to flourish in diverse real-world applications, understanding these black box models has become paramount. In response, Explainable AI (XAI) has emerged as a field of research with practical and ethical benefits across various domains. This paper not only highlights the advancements in XAI and its application in real-world scenarios but also addresses the ongoing challenges within XAI, emphasizing the need for broader perspectives and collaborative efforts. We bring together experts from diverse (...) fields to identify open problems, striving to synchronize research agendas and accelerate XAI in practical applications. By fostering collaborative discussion and interdisciplinary cooperation, we aim to propel XAI forward, contributing to its continued success. Our goal is to put forward a comprehensive proposal for advancing XAI. To achieve this goal, we present a manifesto of 27 open problems categorized into nine categories. These challenges encapsulate the complexities and nuances of XAI and offer a road map for future research. For each problem, we provide promising research directions in the hope of harnessing the collective intelligence of interested stakeholders. (shrink)

La racionalidad de la globalización está basada en la relación instrumental mediobeneficio. La planificación económica para la obtención de mayores ganancias cada vez en los distintos mercados parece exigir una incesante no-intervención del Estado. Sin embargo, la dinámica de la acumulación y reproducción del capital precisa de una neo-planificación de las estrategias económicas con el consentimiento del Estado en negociación con agentes transnacionales a nivel tanto estrictamente nacional y regional como global. Dicha delineación de los parámetros económicos alumbra ciertos efectos (...) en sectores antaño regulados en exclusiva por el Estado-Nación: a saber, el derecho, la sociedad y las relaciones internacionales. De igual forma, la democracia como sistema de gobierno sufre los avatares de la economización creciente de la política, consentida por los poderes públicos. Por tanto, los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, consagrados en las cartas constitucionales como derechos fundamentales, junto al subsidiario modelo de Estado Social, son puestos en tela de juicio de manera continua por parte de la racionalidad económica, que observa en los mismos un obstáculo a salvar para la maximización de los beneficios. (shrink)

The relatively new practice of continuous sedation at the end of life (CS) is increasingly being debated in the clinical and ethical literature. This practice received much attention when a U.S. Supreme Court ruling noted that the availability of CS made legalization of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) unnecessary, as CS could alleviate even the most severe suffering. This view has been widely adopted. In this article, we perform an in-depth analysis of four versions of this ?argument of preferable alternative.? Our goal (...) is to determine the extent to which CS can be considered to be an alternative to PAS and to identify the grounds, if any, on which CS may be ethically preferable to PAS. (shrink)

Two main types of philosophical arguments have been given in support of the claim that the citizens of affluent societies have stringent moral duties to aid the global poor: “positive duty” arguments based on the notion of beneficence and “negative duty” arguments based on noninterference. Peter Singer’s positive duty argument (Singer 1972) and Thomas Pogge’s negative duty argument (Pogge 2002) are among the most prominent examples. Philosophers have made speculative claims about the relative effectiveness of these arguments in promoting attitudes (...) and behaviors that could lead to the alleviation of poverty. In this article we present the results of two empirical studies that evaluate these claims, and suggest that both arguments have a modest effect on people’s attitudes and behaviors regarding global poverty. In a replication of the second study, the negative duty argument, in particular, had a statistically significant effect on donations. We discuss the theoretical and practical significance of these results and suggest directions for further research on the role that philosophical arguments can play in engendering concern and action on pressing moral problems. (shrink)

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, procrastination has become commonplace due to changes in teaching and learning, which trigger students' academic burnout. As a result, it has increased the intensity of procrastination among students who are enrolled in online learning programs. As a result, students have difficulty as a result of the rapid change from in-person learning to online learning. The study investigates the relationship between academic burnout and procrastination among 150 grade 12 senior high school students. Hence, this study employed (...) a correlational design. Based on the inferential analysis, the r coefficient of 0.71 indicates a high positive correlation between the variables. The p-value of 0.00, which is less than 0.05, leads to the decision to reject the null hypothesis. Hence, a significant relationship exists between academic burnout and academic procrastination among grade 12 senior high school students. (shrink)

Últimamente, la educación se ha visto desafiada por el contexto digital que beneficia a las plataformas virtualesque contienen creaciones de youtubers o influencers, los cuales se enfocan en entretener más que en formar integralmente al estudiante. En este sentido, este artículo considera a las paradojas como recursos didácticos que pueden ayudar al desarrollo del pensamiento crítico del estudiante durante su formación. Esta investigación es documental y se basa en la consulta de fuentes escritas y de internet. Comienza aclarando los conceptos (...) de falacia y reducción al absurdo, pues las paradojas han sido vistas como falacias muy sutiles por algunos estudiosos como Bertrand Russell y, además, hay quienes utilizan las paradojas para realizar deducciones, como ocurre en la reducción al absurdo que se aplica en el argumento ontológico de San Anselmo de Canterbury. Enseguida, se analiza una lista de paradojas, pero con el objetivo de que puedan ser utilizadas en un aula de clase. Así, se trata sobre algunas paradojas como la paradoja de Aquiles y la Tortuga, la de Galileo, la del hotel de Hilbert, la de Tristam Shandy, la de Protágoras, etc. Este trabajo se cierra tratando de explicitar el aspecto afectivo y emocional que un estudiante experimenta cuando trata con esta clase de problemas. (shrink)

La libre movilidad internacional es una meta política clásica del igualitarismo cosmopolita. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, el impacto de las fronteras en las oportunidades de las personas a nivel global no deriva solo de sus mecanismos de exclusión, sino también de su permeabilidad a ciertas formas de migración. Este artículo analiza las implicaciones de la emigración cualificada para la justicia productiva y defiende que, en determinadas circunstancias, los igualitaristas cosmopolitas deberían apoyar restricciones a la libertad de movimiento para articular (...) una defensa de ese derecho básico que sea más coherente con el conjunto de sus compromisos normativos. (shrink)

Razlika med normami in ubeseditvami norm zavezuje pravoslovce k obravnavanju pravnih norm kot danosti. Avtorica najprej osvetli pot, ki so jo tlakovali nekateri analitični filozofi jezika in ki vodi od pomena do danosti. Nato predstavi sklop problemov, ki nastanejo zaradi obravnavanja norm kot danosti. Ne glede na to, s katero vrsto danosti imamo opraviti, moramo razlikovati med merili prepoznave in primeri poposameznjenja tovrstnih danosti. V predstavljenem primeru abstraktnih danosti pa to razlikovanje pade. S tem, da avtorica zamenja pojma pomenske vsebine (...) in pomenskega obsega besed za vsebinski in obsežnostni vidik tega, o čemer govorimo, očrta tudi predlog metodološkega načrta za pravo in pravno teorijo. (shrink)

Este artículo reseña: Juan de Dios BARES PARTAL y Faustino ONCINA COVES (eds.), Utopías y ucronías. Una aproximación histórico-conceptual, Edicions Bellaterra, Barcelona, 2020, 405 pp.